Primary process that hasthe chance of developing

Primary process that hasthe chance of developing

Primary sex determination- Concerns the determination of the gonads. In mammals, determination strictly chromosomal; not influenced by the environment.

Most cases- female = XX; male= XYEvery individual organism has atleast one X Chromosome. Since the female has 2 X chromosomes, each of her eggs posses one X chromosome. The male posses an X and a Y, so therefore the male can produce 2 kinds of sperm, one with an Xchromosome and one with a Y chromosome.

If an offspring receives an X and a Y, then itTheY chromosome carries a gene that encodes a testis determining factor. If a person had an innumerable number of x chromosomes and one y chromosome, they would be male. If a person is born with only a single x chromosome and no second x or y, then they develop as a female, but are infertile.(not able to More Primary Sex Determination- In the is absence of the Y chromosome , the primordialgonad body develops into ovaries. the ovary then produces the estrogenic hormones,which contains estrogen and other such hormones, enabling the development of theMullerian duct into the uterus, fallopian tubes, and upper end of the vagina. In the presence of Y chromosome, the testes form.

The testes secrete two majorenzymes. The first hormone, AMH(anti-Mulllerian duct hormone), destroys to Mullerianduct. The second, testosterone, stimulates the masculinization of the fetus. During thisprocess the penis, scrotum, and other male anatomical structures form.

The developmentof the primordial breast is inhibited. The body, therefore, has the female phenotype unlessit is altered by two hormones created in the fetal testes.The development of gonads is the only fetal organ development process that hasthe chance of developing into more than one organ (under normal circumstances andbarring mutations). The primordial gonad can develop into either an ovary or a testis.Before the gonad develops into the testes or ovary, it first goes through an indifferentstage, also known as a bipotential stage, during which time it has neither male or femalecharacteristics. In humans, the primordial gonad first develops in the 4th week and remainsSex Determinant genes- In humans, the major genes for the testis determining factor resideon the short arm of the Y chromosome. Individuals born with the short arm of the Ychromosome, but not the long are males.

Those born with the long end but not the shortare actually female. Through scientific research on XX males and XY females, the positionof the testis-determining gene has been narrowed down to a small region. On the shortarm of the Y chromosome there is believed to be an area called the HMG box, whichstands for high-mobility group box.

This HMG box is believed to contain the geneticinformation to establish masculinity. There are two known major genes in this HMG boxthat are believed to have an effect on the determining of sex, SRY and SOX9.SRY (sex-determining region of the Y) is found in XY males, is absent from XXfemales, is found in the rare XX males, and is absent in the XY females.

Many XY women were found to have a point mutation in the SRY gene, which would prevent the SRYprotein from binding to the DNA. Since humans are difficult to study, Scientists found aIn mice, there is a gene homologous to SRY, which is named Sry. the mouse genealso correlates with the presence of testes; it is present in XX males and absent in XYfemales.

To further test this theory of Sry being the testes determining gene, scientistsinjected the Sry sequence into XX fertilized mice zygotes. In most instances the micedeveloped testes and the rest of the male accessory organs, but werent fertile(thepresence of two X chromosomes prevents sperm formation in both mice and men). This isthe majority of the evidence supporting this gene as the one that determines whether youThe function of SOX9 is unclear. If a male is born without a functional copy ofSOX9, then a syndrome called campomelic dysplasia develops. It involves numerousskeletal and organ systems. If born without SOX9, the male child dies soon there afterfrom distress arising from defective bronchia and tracheas. However, 3/4 of those malesborn without SOX9 phenotypicaly appear to be females or hermaphrodites.

Since SOX9 ison the Y Chromosome, almost all women are born without it.Secondary sex determination- concerns the bodily phenotype outside the gonads. Secondary sex determination concerns the development of the female and malephenotypes form the hormones secreted by the ovaries and testes. In the absence ofgonads, the female phenotype is generated. A male mammal has a penis, seminal vesicles,a prostate gland, and often sex specific size, vocal cartilage, and musculature.

A femalemammal has a vagina, uterus, oviducts, mammary glands, and often sex specific size, vocal(1953- scientist named Jost removed fetal rabbit gonads before they had differentiated.The rabbits that resulted were all female, regardless if they had a pair of XXchromosomes, or a pair of XY chromosomes. They were all infertile, but developed auterus, a vagina, and fallopian tubes.)Hermaphrodites are named after the son of Hermes and Aphrodite. Having inherited thebeauty of both parents, he excited the love of the nymph of the Salmacis fountain.

As hebathed in this fountain, she embraced him and prayed to the gods that they might foreverHermaphroditism in Fishes- The most common vertebrate hermaphrodite. There are 3The first are synchronous hermaphrodites. These have ovaries and testes at thesame time. Fish in this group form spawning pairs. Each fish takes turns spawning theThe second are protogynous hermaphrodites. These fish are females at the start oftheir lives but later become males.

The third group is protandrous hermaphrodites. These fish are males first, and thenbecome females at the end of their lives.Bibliography: